The Six Main License Classes and What They Cover

Every state issues driver's licenses in classes, and each class permits you to operate different types of vehicles. The class you hold determines what you're legally allowed to drive on public roads. Most people start with a Class D license, which covers standard passenger cars, but heavier vehicles, motorcycles, and commercial trucks each require their own class.

The six classes you'll encounter are Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class M, and Class E. Some states use slightly different names or combine categories—for example, a few states call Class D a "regular" or "standard" license—but the vehicle types covered remain consistent across the country. Your state's Department of Motor Vehicles publishes the exact rules for your location.

Key Takeaways

  • Class D is the standard passenger car license most people hold; it covers sedans, SUVs, and pickup trucks under a certain weight limit.
  • Class A and Class B licenses are for commercial trucks and require a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) exam, medical certification, and often a skills test.
  • Class M is specifically for motorcycles and mopeds and requires a separate written test and riding skills test in most states.
  • Class E is a commercial license for vehicles that don't meet Class A or B thresholds, such as small delivery vans or tow trucks.
  • Upgrading from one class to another involves passing a written test, a vision and hearing check, and sometimes a practical driving test.

Class D: The Standard Passenger Vehicle License

A Class D license is what most people drive with. It permits you to operate passenger cars, SUVs, pickup trucks, and vans up to a certain weight—usually around 26,000 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). If you own a standard sedan or a typical family truck, this is the class you need.

When you turn 16 or 17 (depending on your state), you typically start with a learner's permit, then progress to a Class D license after passing a written test, vision screening, and a road test. No special medical exam is required. Most states renew Class D licenses every four to eight years.

Class A and Class B: Commercial Truck Licenses

Class A and Class B licenses are commercial licenses for operating heavy trucks. A Class A covers the heaviest vehicles—tractor-trailers, semi-trucks, and any combination of vehicles over 26,000 pounds GVWR. A Class B covers single heavy trucks (like dump trucks or concrete mixers) that weigh more than 26,000 pounds but are not tractor-trailers.

Both require a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), which is more rigorous than a standard license. You must pass a written knowledge test specific to the vehicle type, pass a vision and hearing exam, provide a medical certificate from a Department of Transportation (DOT) physician, and pass a behind-the-wheel skills test. The skills test includes a pre-trip inspection, a basic control test, and a road test. Most states require you to be at least 18 years old, though some require 21 for interstate driving.

CDL holders must renew their medical certification every one to two years and their license every four to eight years. Some states also require periodic refresher training.

Class M: Motorcycle and Moped License

A Class M license is required to operate motorcycles and mopeds on public roads. The rules vary by state—some states separate motorcycles from mopeds into different endorsements, while others combine them under Class M. A motorcycle is typically defined as a motorized two-wheeled vehicle with an engine over 50 cubic centimeters; a moped is smaller and sometimes has pedals.

To obtain a Class M, you must pass a written test covering motorcycle-specific rules (braking, turning, hazard awareness) and a riding skills test on an actual motorcycle. Some states offer a Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) course that, if completed, waives the riding test. You do not need a separate medical exam for Class M. Age requirements are usually 16 or 17, though some states require 18.

Class E: Commercial Vehicles Under Heavy Truck Thresholds

A Class E license covers commercial vehicles that are too heavy for a Class D but don't meet the Class A or B threshold—typically vehicles between 26,000 and 33,000 pounds GVWR. This includes small delivery vans, tow trucks, and certain service vehicles. Not all states use Class E; some fold these vehicles into Class B or have different naming.

Class E usually requires a CDL and the same medical exam and written test as Class A and B, though the skills test may be shorter or less complex. Check your state's DMV website to confirm whether Class E exists in your state and what it covers.

Endorsements and Restrictions Within Your Class

Within each license class, you may have endorsements (permissions to drive specific vehicle types) or restrictions (limitations on what you can drive). For example, a Class D license might have a restriction that you cannot drive a vehicle with air brakes, or an endorsement allowing you to tow a trailer up to a certain weight.

Endorsements are added by passing an additional written test. Restrictions are imposed by the DMV based on your age, medical history, or test performance. A common restriction for young drivers is a nighttime driving limit or a passenger limit. Always check your license to see what endorsements and restrictions you hold.

How to Change Your License Class

If you currently hold a Class D and want to upgrade to Class A or B, you do not automatically keep your Class D. Instead, you take the CDL exam and receive a new license in the higher class. Your old Class D is replaced. The process typically takes one to three weeks after you pass all tests.

To change classes, visit your state's DMV office with your current license, proof of residency, and proof of citizenship or legal presence. Pay the required fee (usually $50 to $150 for a CDL). Schedule a written test appointment; if you pass, you'll be scheduled for a skills test at a later date. Once you pass both, your new license is issued. Some states allow you to take the written test online or at a third-party testing center, but the skills test must be done in person at an approved location.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I drive a pickup truck with a Class D license?

Yes, as long as the truck's Gross Vehicle Weight Rating is under 26,000 pounds. Most standard pickup trucks fall within this limit. If you're unsure, check your truck's registration or door jamb label. Heavier commercial trucks require a Class A or B license.

Do I need a Class M license to ride a moped?

It depends on your state. Some states require a Class M for any motorized two-wheeled vehicle; others exempt mopeds under 50 cubic centimeters. A few states treat mopeds as bicycles if they have pedals. Check your state's DMV website to confirm the rule where you live.

What happens if I drive a vehicle I'm not licensed for?

You can be cited for driving without the proper class of license, which is a traffic violation. Penalties vary by state but typically include a fine, points on your record, and possible license suspension. Insurance may also deny a claim if you were driving an unlicensed vehicle type.

How long does it take to get a CDL?

The written test can be taken within days of explore. The skills test is usually scheduled one to four weeks later, depending on your state's DMV workload. Once you pass both, your license is issued when ready or within a few days. The entire process typically takes two to six weeks from start to finish.

Can I hold multiple license classes at once?

No. Your license shows one primary class. However, you can have endorsements that allow you to drive certain vehicle types within or above your class. For example, a Class D with a motorcycle endorsement allows you to drive both cars and motorcycles, but your primary class remains D.