Documents and identification you'll need to bring
Every state requires proof of identity, proof of residency, and proof of your Social Security number before you can get a driver's license. The exact documents vary by state, but the categories stay the same. You cannot complete the process without all three.
For identity, bring a passport, birth certificate, or state ID card. For residency, a utility bill, lease, or bank statement with your current address works in most states — it needs to show your name and address and be dated within the last 60 days. For your Social Security number, bring your Social Security card itself, a W-2 form, or a tax return. Some states accept a letter from the Social Security Administration instead.
If your name has changed since your birth certificate was issued — through marriage, divorce, or legal name change — bring the document that proves the change: a marriage certificate, divorce decree, or court order. Without it, your process will be rejected.
Key Takeaways
- You must bring proof of identity (passport or birth certificate), proof of current address (utility bill or lease), and proof of your Social Security number to the DMV.
- Your address document must be dated within the last 60 days in most states, so an old bill will not work.
- If your name differs from your birth certificate, bring the legal document that shows the change.
- Fees range from $20 to $100 depending on your state and the type of license you are getting.
- You will take a written test on traffic laws and a driving test before the license is issued.
Age requirements and restrictions
You must be at least 16 years old in most states to get a learner's permit or driver's license. Some states allow 15-year-olds to get a permit, but not a full license. A few states set the minimum at 17 or 18.
If you are under 18, your parent or guardian must sign your process in person at the DMV. Some states require both parents to sign; others require only one. Call your state's DMV before you go to confirm what your state requires.
Many states issue a graduated license to drivers under 18, which comes with restrictions: no driving between midnight and 5 a.m., no passengers under a certain age, or no phone use while driving. These restrictions lift when you turn 18 or after you hold the license for a set period — usually six months to a year.
The written test and what it covers
Before you take the driving test, you must pass a written test on traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices. The test is usually 30 to 50 multiple-choice questions. You need to score 70 to 80 percent correct to pass, depending on your state.
The test covers speed limits, right-of-way rules, what different road signs mean, how to handle bad weather, and what to do at traffic lights and stop signs. Most DMVs provide a study guide for free online or in print. Reading the guide and taking practice tests — many states offer these free on the DMV website — is the fastest way to prepare.
You can usually take the written test as many times as you need. If you fail, you can retake it the same day or come back later. There is no penalty for retaking it, though some states charge a small fee each time.
The driving test and what the examiner watches for
After you pass the written test, you schedule a driving test with a DMV examiner. The test usually lasts 20 to 30 minutes and covers basic vehicle control, following traffic laws, and responding to road conditions. The examiner sits in the passenger seat and watches how you drive.
You will be tested on starting and stopping smoothly, turning without hitting the curb, parking (usually parallel parking), merging into traffic, and obeying traffic signals. The examiner also watches whether you check your mirrors, use your turn signal, and maintain a safe speed. Common reasons people fail are hitting the curb during a turn, rolling through a stop sign, or not checking mirrors before changing lanes.
Bring the same documents you brought for the written test, plus proof that your vehicle is insured and registered. The car must be in safe working condition — working brakes, headlights, and windshield wipers are non-negotiable. If the examiner finds a safety problem, the test will not happen.
Fees and how long the process takes
Driver's license fees range from $20 to $100 depending on your state and how long the license is valid. A license valid for four years costs less than one valid for eight years. Some states charge extra if you want a REAL ID-compliant license, which you need to board a domestic flight or enter a federal building.
The written test can usually be scheduled within a week or two. The driving test often has a longer wait — anywhere from two weeks to two months depending on how busy your local DMV is. Plan ahead if you have a important date, like starting a job that requires a license.
Once you pass both tests, you receive your license the same day in most states, either printed on the spot or mailed to your address within a week or two. Check your state's DMV website for the exact timeline.
What to do if you have a criminal record or suspended license
A criminal record does not automatically disqualify you from getting a driver's license. Most states issue licenses to people with felony convictions. However, some crimes — particularly those involving drugs or violence — may result in a mandatory suspension period before you can drive again.
If your license was suspended or revoked, you cannot get a new one until the suspension period ends. The length of the suspension depends on why it was suspended: a DUI suspension might last six months to two years, while a suspension for unpaid traffic fines might be lifted once you pay. Contact your state's DMV to find out when your suspension ends and what you need to do to restore your driving rights.
Some states require you to take a defensive driving course or pass an additional test before you can drive again after a suspension. Your DMV will tell you what applies to your situation.
Non-citizen and immigrant requirements
You do not have to be a U.S. citizen to get a driver's license in any state. You do need to prove your identity and residency, which works the same way for citizens and non-citizens.
If you are not a citizen, bring a passport or travel document that shows your identity and current visa or immigration status. Some states also accept an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) in place of a Social Security number. A few states require proof that you are lawfully present in the United States, but most do not.
Call your state's DMV before you go to confirm what documents they accept for your situation. Requirements vary significantly by state, and having the right paperwork the first time saves a trip.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I get a license if I don't have a Social Security number?
Most states require a Social Security number, but some accept an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) instead. A few states have no requirement for either. Contact your state's DMV to find out what you can use in your state.
What happens if I fail the driving test?
You can retake the driving test as soon as your state allows — usually the next day or within a few days. There is no limit to how many times you can retake it. Most people pass on the second or third attempt after practicing more.
Do I need to bring my own car for the driving test?
Yes, you must bring a vehicle that is registered, insured, and in safe working condition. The car does not have to be registered in your name, but it must have valid insurance. Some DMVs offer testing in their own vehicles for an extra fee, but this is rare.
How long is a driver's license valid?
Most states issue licenses valid for four to eight years. The length depends on your age and your state. Licenses for drivers under 21 are often valid for shorter periods. Check your state's DMV website for the exact term.
Can I renew my license online?
Many states allow online renewal if your license is not expired and you have no medical or legal restrictions. Some require you to renew in person every other time. Check your state's DMV website to see whether online renewal is available for you.